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2021
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Prevention and control measures of Clostridium disease in sheep
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Technical Service Department
Clostridium disease in sheep is a kind of disease caused by a variety of Clostridium. Common sheep fast disease, sheep sudden gangrene, enterotoxemia, lamb dysentery, sheep black disease and other diseases[1]. This type of disease is characterized by a large number of acute, short course of disease, high mortality, once it occurs too late for treatment, it will cause great losses, the use of vaccines for immunization is the main measure to prevent and control the disease.
[1] Pathogen
1, sheep fast epidemic is caused by infection of Clostridium spoilage;
2. Sudden gangrene of sheep is caused by Clostridium welchii type C infection;
3. Sheep enterotoxemia is caused by Clostridium welchii type D infection;
4. Lamb dysentery is caused by type B Clostridium welchii infection;
5, sheep black disease is caused by infection with B type of Clostridium novi.
Pick a single colony Gram staining microscopic examination, visible bacteria straight rod-shaped, blunt round at both ends, there are single or double arrangement, Gram-positive bacteria.
▲ Morphology of Clostridium perfringens under Gram staining electron microscope
[2] popular characteristics
1. Prevalence:Clostridium diseases of sheep are widely existed in nature and in the intestinal tract of sheep. When the immunity of sheep is decreased, the disease will be induced. According to the survey of 435796 sheep in Gansu Province from 2014 to 2016, 22749 of them suffered from clostridial disease and 18826 died of the disease. The incidence rate and mortality rate of clostridial disease in sheep were 5.22 and 4.32 respectively, and the mortality rate was 82.76. Among them, there were 11397 sheep enterotoxemia, accounting for 50.10 of the total incidence, 7603 sheep fast epidemic, accounting for 33.42 of the total incidence, and 3544 lamb dysentery, 15.58 per cent of the total number of cases and 205 sheep, accounting for 0.90 per cent of the total number of cases.[5]. It can be seen that although the incidence of the disease is not high, but the mortality rate is very high.
2. Source of infection:Sewage, grass, fodder, soil, manure and intestinal tract of healthy and diseased sheep with bacteria.
3. Route of transmission:Digestive tract, wound, etc.
[three] clinical symptoms and pathological changes
1, sheep fast epidemic:
A, characteristicsIt is caused by Clostridium putrefaciens, and the susceptible animals are mainly sheep, especially 6~18 months old.
B. Clinical characteristics: Sudden onset, short course of disease, fast death; Dehydration failure, molar teeth, dyspnea and coma; Some have abdominal pain, bloated qi, black loose feces, and occasionally bloodshot.
▲ Dehydration Failure of Sick Sheep
True gastric mucosal edema
True gastric mucosal congestion, bleeding
▲ Diffuse hemorrhagic inflammation of the mucosa of the fundus of the true stomach
2, sheep sudden gangrene:
A, characteristics:It is an acute infectious disease caused by Clostridium welchii type C, which is easy to occur in 1-2 year old sheep;
B, clinical characteristics:Sudden onset, extremely short course of disease, rapid death. Inability to lie on the ground before death, showing restlessness, weakness, spasticity, exophthalmos;
C, typical pathological changes:Gastrointestinal tract was hemorrhagic, ulcerative inflammatory changes, intestinal contents mixed with bubbles; hepatomegaly, crisp, color changeable light, often accompanied by peritonitis.
The sick sheep are extremely weak.
Clostridium type C causes duodenal and jejunal mucosal bleeding, necrosis and ulceration
3. Sheep enterotoxemia:
A, characteristics:It is caused by Clostridium welchii type D, mainly an acute toxemia in sheep, with a high incidence of 2 to 12 months of age, and occasional infection in goats;
B, clinical characteristics:Diarrhea, convulsions, paralysis, rapid course of disease, sudden onset, sometimes see the disease sheep jump up, fall to the ground, spasm, death in a few minutes;
C, typical pathological changes:Kidney softening, intestinal (especially small intestine) mucosal bleeding.
▲ Most sheep suffering from intestinal toxemia died rapidly.
▲ Kidney swelling and soft
▲ Kidney swelling, soft texture
▲ Hemorrhagic inflammation of the intestine
4. Lamb dysentery:
A, characteristics:It is caused by B- type Clostridium welchii, mainly an acute infectious disease of newborn lambs within 7 days of age, with 2-3 days of age being the most frequent;
B, clinical characteristics:The spirit of depression, head hanging back arch, stop sucking, severe diarrhea, stool was porridge or watery, yellow white, yellow green or gray, stench. Late bloody stool, anal incontinence, sunken eye socket, lying on the ground, and finally failure and death (mostly within 24 hours);
C, typical pathological changes:The small intestine, especially the ileum, has severe bleeding and ulcers, surrounded by bleeding bands, commonly known as "red bowel disease".
▲ Lamb's head hangs down its back bow, severe diarrhea contaminates its hair.
▲ Severe congestion and bleeding of the small intestine and ileum, commonly known as "red bowel disease"
5, sheep black epidemic:
A, characteristics:Caused by Clostridium novyi B, sheep over 1 year old are susceptible, with the most common occurrence in obese sheep aged 2 to 4 years old;
B, clinical characteristics:The course of the disease is short, most of them die suddenly without obvious symptoms, the sick sheep fall out of the flock, do not eat, have difficulty breathing, the body temperature is about 41.5 ℃, they are lethargic and prone, and they die suddenly without pain in this state;
C, typical pathological changes:The liver is congested and swollen, and one or more coagulative necrotic foci can be seen or touched from the surface. The boundaries of the necrotic foci are clear, grayish yellow, not round, often surrounded by bright red hyperemic bands, the diameter of the necrotic foci can reach 2~3cm, and the cut surface is semicircular.
▲ Sick sheep fall asleep when they leave the flock
▲ Necrotic foci on the surface of the liver are grayish yellow
▲ Large area of yellow necrotic foci in liver section
[4] Diagnosis
According to clinical symptoms, epidemiology can provide diagnostic clues for preliminary diagnosis; through the typical pathological changes of each disease can be further anatomical diagnosis. Confirmation requires laboratory tests.
[5] Prevention and Control
Clostridium in sheep has a rapid onset, rapid death, and high mortality. Most cases are too late to treat. Some sick sheep are difficult to achieve the desired effect through treatment. Therefore, prevention should be the main focus.
Inoculation method:Unaffected sheep were immunized in advance with Auslian Net (triple quadruple vaccine against sheep fast disease, sheep sudden sniper, sheep enterotoxemia and lamb dysentery). Subcutaneous or muscle 5 mL per head, the immunization period for preventing sheep sudden sniper, sheep fast epidemic and lamb dysentery is 12 months, and the immunization period for preventing sheep enterotoxemia is 6 months, generally once in spring and autumn.
2. Strengthen feeding management
A. When Clostridium diseases occur, transfer pasture land and transfer all sheep without disease from low-lying and marsh areas to high-dry areas for grazing, which can reduce and stop the disease;
B, strengthen feeding, improve the resistance of sheep, fine, coarse, green material with reasonable, especially pregnant sheep, good physical condition to ensure that there is sufficient milk after delivery;
C, to prevent cold, pay attention to the heat preservation of ewes and lambs, avoid sheep eating frozen feed, grazing not too early in the morning;
D, lamb birth guarantee to eat colostrum, umbilical cord strict disinfection, and do a good job of enclosure disinfection;
E, when introducing sheep, try to introduce healthy sheep after immunization;
F, has been the disease of sheep isolation treatment, dead sheep to do strict harmless treatment.
[1] Aliman Canati. Differential diagnosis and prevention of clostridial diseases in sheep. Scientific research, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, No.6, 2017 (second half).
[2] Li Weijie, Yu Jianhui, Wei Caiwen, et al. Establishment and application of multiplex PCR method for toxin-type colonies of Clostridium perfringens [J]. Journal of Northwest Agricultural Sciences, 2016, 25(6): 823-827.
Change: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.60-64.
[4] Zhao Fengju, Guan Miao, Li Jingchun, et al. Establishment and Preliminary Application of PCR Assay for Genotyping of Clostridium perfringens Toxin [J]. Progress in Animal Medicine, 2017, 38(3): 59-63.
[5] shift lei. Epidemic characteristics and comprehensive control measures of sheep clostridium in Gansu Province. Review Monographs, Volume 49, Issue 3, 2019.
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